Digitization, Automation and Transnational Private Security Companies in Areas of Limited Statehood
Abstract
The study of the increase in military and private security companies and electronic surveillance practices are two topics of growing debate in international relations. On the one hand, the privatization of security has effects on international security and state sovereignty. On the other hand, the expansion of electronic surveillance practices poses new risks to human rights, such as privacy. In this context, this article explores a subject that has been little researched in areas of limited statehood: the implications of the continuous process of digitization and automation in the private security and electronic surveillance industry. The article analyzes the discourses of transnational private security and electronic surveillance companies operating in Argentina and the problems associated with these practices. Specifically, it lists the consequences of digitization and automation, such as increased technological dependence, offer of false technological solutions that do not tackle complex social problems causing insecurity, increasing vulnerability of electronic surveillance equipment to technological failures, and the new threats to human rights. Finally, the main points and recommendations for public policy to counterbalance asymmetries in favor of these transnational companies are summarized.
Downloads
Languages:
esReferences
A&S Magazine. (2017, Diciembre 16). Security 50 rankins confirm Chinese industry dominance. Recuperado de https://www.asmag.com/showpost/24137.aspx
ADT. (2016). The ADT corporation 2015 annual report (p. 183). Florida, USA.
Amicelle, A., Aradau, C., & Jeandesboz, J. (2015). Questioning security devices: performativity, resistance, politics. Security Dialogue, 46(4), 293–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010615586964
Arias, P. (2009). Seguridad privada en América Latina: el lucro y los dilemas de una regulación. Santiago de Chile, Chile: FLACSO-CHILE.
Avant, D. (2005). The market for force. The consequences of privatizing security. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511490866
Avant, D. (2007). NGOs, corporations and security transformation in Africa. International Relations, 21(2), 143–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117807077000
Ball, K., Haggerty, K., & Lyon, D. (Eds.). (2012). Routledge handbook of surveillance studies. New York, USA: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203814949
Balzacq, T., & Dunn Cavelty, M. (2016). A theory of actor-network for cyber-security. European Journal of International Security, 1(2), 176–198. https://doi.org/10.1017/eis.2016.8
Bauman, Z., Bigo, D., Esteves, P., Guild, E., Jabri, V., Lyon, D., & Walker, R. B. J. (2014). After Snowden: rethinking the impact of surveillance. International Political Sociology, 8(2), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12048
BBC. (2017, Diciembre 10). In Your Face: China's all-seeing state. Recuperado de http://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-china-42248056/in-your-face-china-s-all-seeing-state
Blázquez, S. (2015, Octubre 31). Laboratorios contra el crimen: Prosegur y Securitas dise-an el futuro de la seguridad privada en sus centros de innovación. Recuperado de https://elpais.com/economia/2015/10/29/actualidad/1446141257_470484.html
Börzel, T. A., & Risse, T. (2010). Governance without a state: can it work? Regulation & Governance, 4(2), 113–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2010.01076.x
Bosch Security. (2017). About us. Recuperado de https://www.boschsecurity.com/xc/en/about-us/
Brooks, S. G. (2005). Producing security: Multinational corporations, globalization, and the changing calculus of conflict. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400841301
Brynjolfsson, E., & Mcafee, A. (2016). The second machine age: work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. New York, USA: W.W. Norton & Company.
Bueger, C. (2015). Making things known: epistemic practices, the United Nations, and the translation of piracy. International Political Sociology, 9(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12073
Buzan, B., Waever, O., & Wilde, J. de. (1998). Security: a new framework for analysis. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Castells, M., & Laserna, R. (1989). The new dependency: technological change and socioeconomic restructuring in Latin America. Sociological Forum, 4(4), 535–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01115063
Cejas, E. B., & González, C. C. (2014). Estado de la normativa sobre video vigilancia en Argentina y su relación con la protección de datos personales. En 15° Simposio Argentino de Informática y Derecho, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Dahua. (2017). 2016 Annual report (二○一六年年度报告) (p. 167). Zhejiang, China.
Eichengreen, B. (2017, Diciembre 12). Two myths about automation. Recuperado de https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/two-myths-about-automation-by-barry-eichengreen-2017-12
Fleitas Ortiz de Rosas, D. M., & Quevedo, M. V. (2011). La seguridad privada en Argentina (Documento de Trabajo) (p. 30). Fundación Arias para la Paz y el Progreso Humano. Recuperado de http://www.app.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Informe-sobre-Seguridad-Privada-en-Argentina-Diciembre-20111.pdf
Fox-Brewster, T. (2017, October 23). A Massive Number Of IoT Cameras Are Hackable -- And Now The Next Web Crisis Looms. Recuperado de https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2017/10/23/reaper-botnet-hacking-iot-cctv-iot-cctv-cameras
French, S., Leyshon, A., & Wainwright, T. (2011). Financializing space, spacing financialization. Progress in Human Geography, 35(6), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132510396749
Gill, S. (2008). Power and resistance in the new world order (2nd ed.). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230584518
Gómez del Prado, J. L. (2009). Private military and security companies and the UN working group on the use of mercenaries. Journal of Conflict & Security Law, 13(3), 429–459. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krp010
Goold, B., Loader, I., & Thumala, A. (2010). Consuming security? Tools for a sociology of security consumption. Theoretical Criminology, 14(1), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480609354533
HIKVISION. (2017). 2016 Annual Report (p. 206). Hangzhou, China.
Honovich, J. (2016, Noviembre 22). Hikvision removed from US embassy Afghanistan. Recuperado de https://ipvm.com/reports/hik-removed-embassy
Human Rights Watch. (2017, Octubre 22). China: Voice Biometric Collection Threatens Privacy: Police, AI Giant Collaboration in Legal Gray Area Show More Services. Recuperado de https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/22/china-voice-biometric-collection-threatens-privacy
Kessler, G. (2013). Algunas hipótesis sobre la extensión del sentimiento de inseguridad en América Latina. Cuadernos de Antropología Social, 37, 25–42.
Knowles, G. (2016, Octubre 1). Inside China's Big Brother HQ: Its cameras monitor millions of Britons. Now undercover MoS reporters infiltrate the nerve centre of a CCTV giant that spies on its own people to root out dissidents. Recuperado de http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3817204/Inside-China-s-Big-Brother-HQ-cameras-monitor-millions-Britons-undercover-MoS-reporters-infiltrate-nerve-centre-CCTV-giant-spies-people-root-dissidents.html
Kofman, A. (2016a, Octubre 13). LOSING FACE How a Facial Recognition Mismatch Can Ruin Your Life. Recuperado de https://theintercept.com/2016/10/13/how-a-facial-recognition-mismatch-can-ruin-your-life/
Kofman, A. (2016b, Octubre 18). Study: Face recognition systems threaten the privacy of millions. Recuperado de https://theintercept.com/2016/10/18/study-lack-of-face-recognition-oversight-threatens-privacy-of-millions/
Kruck, A. (2014). Theorising the use of private military and security companies: a synthetic perspective. Journal of International Relations and Development, 17(1), 112–141. https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2013.4
Mayer, M., Carpes, M., & Knoblich, R. (Eds.). (2014). The global politics of science and technology: an introduction. En The global politics of science and technology. (Vol. 1, pp. 1–35). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55007-2_1
Mayer-Schönberger, V., & Cukier, K. (2013). Big data. A revolution that will transform how we live, work and think. New York, USA: Houghton Mifflin Hartcourt Publishing Company.
Morozov, E. (2011). The dark side of internet freedom. The net delusion. New York: Public Affairs.
PROSEGUR. (2015). Informe Anual (p. 391). Madrid, Espa-a.
Risse, T. (2011). Governance without a state?: policies and politics in areas of limited statehood. New York, USA: Columbia University Press.
Sanger, D. E., & Perlroth, N. (2016, Octubre 22). A New Era of Internet Attacks Powered by Everyday Devices. Recuperado de https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/23/us/politics/a-new-era-of-internet-attacks-powered-by-everyday-devices.html?_r=0
SECURITAS. (2015). Annual Report (p. 128). Stockholm, Sweden.
Taureck, R. (2006). Securitisation theory and securitisation studies. Journal of International Relations and Development, 9(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800072
Van Steden, R., & de Waard, J. (2013). "Acting like chameleons": On the McDonaldization of private security. Security Journal, 26(3), 294–309. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2013.18
Waever, O. (1995). Securitization and Desecuritization. In On Security (pp. 46–86). New York, USA: Columbia University Press.
White, A. (2011). The new political economy of private security. Theoretical Criminology, 16(1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480611410903
Zedner, L. (2006). Liquid security: managing the market for crime control. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 6(3), 267–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895806065530
| Article metrics | |
|---|---|
| Abstract views | |
| Galley vies | |
| PDF Views | |
| HTML views | |
| Other views | |
